For the past three decades, the gap between the rate of men and women's participation in the Indonesian labour force has remained stagnant (83.01% and 55.04% respectively, according to 2018 national bureau statistics). However, a more recent survey by the United Nations Development Program and the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL) South-East Asia conducted across eight cities in Indonesia in 2021, finds that, on average, women work more hours doing non employment-related tasks. The survey reveals a higher proportion of women devote, on average, more than three hours per day of domestic labor compared to men, while a higher proportion of men devote, on average, more than two hours a day to domestic production.
